Physics NCERT & Official PYQ Mapped

Physics Formulas & Physical Constants Guide

A structured physics formula reference covering core concepts in Mechanics, Electricity, Magnetism, Optics, and Thermodynamics. Includes standard SI units and dimensional parameters to ensure flawless problem-solving.

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1. Mechanics & Kinematics

Fundamental equations of linear motion, Newton’s laws, and gravitational relations.

Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion

v = u + ats = ut + ½at²v² = u² + 2as

Variables & Units: u = Initial velocity (m/s), v = Final velocity (m/s), a = Acceleration (m/s²), t = Time (s), s = Displacement (m)

Exam Application: Under gravity, replace a with g (9.8 m/s²). Use negative g when projecting vertically upward.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

F = m · a = dp/dt

Variables & Units: F = Net force (N or kg·m/s²), m = Mass (kg), a = Acceleration (m/s²), p = Linear momentum (kg·m/s)

Exam Application: Impulse = Force × Δt = Change in momentum (Δp)

Work, Energy and Power

W = F · d · cos(θ)Kinetic Energy = ½mv²Potential Energy = mghPower = W/t

Variables & Units: W = Work (Joules, J), θ = Angle between Force and Displacement vector, P = Power (Watts, W)

Exam Application: Work done is zero if displacement is perpendicular to force (e.g., centripetal force).

Universal Law of Gravitation

F = G · (m₁ · m₂) / r²

Variables & Units: G = 6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg², m₁, m₂ = Masses (kg), r = Distance between centers (m)

Exam Application: Acceleration due to gravity at Earth surface: g = GM / R²

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2. Electricity & Magnetism

Current, potential difference, resistance in series/parallel, and electric power formulas.

Ohm’s Law & Resistance

V = I · RR = ρ · (l / A)

Variables & Units: V = Voltage (Volts, V), I = Current (Amperes, A), R = Resistance (Ohms, Ω), ρ = Resistivity (Ω·m), l = Length (m), A = Cross-sectional area (m²)

Exam Application: Series combination: R_total = R₁ + R₂ + ... | Parallel: 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...

Electric Power & Joule’s Heating Effect

P = V · I = I²R = V² / RHeat H = I²Rt

Variables & Units: P = Power (Watts), H = Heat energy (Joules), t = Time in seconds

Exam Application: Commercial unit of electrical energy: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10⁶ Joules.

3. Ray Optics & Wave Motion

Mirror formulas, lens equations, magnification, and Snell’s law of refraction.

Mirror Formula & Magnification

(1 / f) = (1 / v) + (1 / u)m = -(v / u) = (h_i / h_o)

Variables & Units: f = Focal length, u = Object distance, v = Image distance, m = Magnification

Exam Application: Sign Convention: Distances measured opposite to incident light are negative (u is always negative).

Lens Formula & Power

(1 / f) = (1 / v) - (1 / u)Power P = 1 / f (in meters)

Variables & Units: f = Focal length (m), P = Power in Diopters (D)

Exam Application: Convex lens has positive focal length/power; Concave lens has negative focal length/power.

Snell’s Law of Refraction

n₁ · sin(i) = n₂ · sin(r) = Refractive Index μ

Variables & Units: i = Angle of incidence, r = Angle of refraction, n₁, n₂ = Refractive indices of media

Exam Application: Speed of light in medium v = c / n (where c ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s).